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ISSN 1729-5254
EJTP Special Issue
2007
Editors
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Ignazio Licata
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A. J. Sakaji
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If physics is ' what
physicists do', focusing on ' organization' and ' emergence' means making the
point on some of liveliest interdisciplinary research areas and inquiring on
the way we build our theoretical architectures" in order to take up the
complexity challenge.
Ignazio Licata
Physics of
Emergence and Organization
This book will be Published by the World Scientific
Volume
4, Issue 16 I
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Contents
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Foreword
Gregory J. Chaitin
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Preface
Ignazio Licata
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Emergence and Computation at the Edge of Classical
and Quantum Systems
Ignazio Licata
Received( 6 September
2007), Accepted( 20 October 2007)
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Gauge Generalized Principle for Complex Systems
Germano Resconi
Received( 5 June 2007),
Accepted( 20 June 2007)
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Undoing Quantum Measurement: Novel Twists to the
Physical Account of Time
Avshalom C. Elitzur and Shahar Dolev
Received( 6 September
2007), Accepted( 20 October 2007)
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Process Physics: Quantum Theories as Models of
Complexity
Kirsty Kitto
Received( 4 May 2007),
Accepted( 15 May 2007)
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A Cross-disciplinary Framework for the Description
of Contextually Mediated Change
Liane Gabora
and Diederik Aerts
Received( 7 May 2007),
Accepted( 15 May 2007)
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Quantum-like Probabilistic Models Outside Physics
Andrei Khrennikov
Received( 8 May 2007),
Accepted( 15 June 2007)
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Phase Transitions in Biological Matter
Eliano Pessa
Received( 4 September
2007), Accepted(22 September 2007)
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Microcosm to Macrocosm via the Notion of a Sheaf
(Observers in Terms of t-topos)
Goro Kato
Received( 7 May 2007),
Accepted( 15 June 2007)
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The Dissipative Quantum Model of Brain and
Laboratory Observations
Walter J. Freeman
and Giuseppe Vitiello
Received( 9 May 2007),
Accepted( 15 May 2007)
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Supersymmetric
Methods in the Traveling Variable: Inside Neurons and at the Brain Scale
H.C. Rosu, O. Cornejo-Pérez, and J.E. Pérez-Terrazas
Received( 6 May 2007),
Accepted( 15 May 2007)
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Turing Systems: A General Model for Complex
Patterns in Nature
R.A. Barrio
Received( 13 April 2007),
Accepted( 15 May 2007)
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Primordial Evolution in the Finitary
Process Soup
Olof Görnerup
and James P. Crutchfield
Received( 30 April 2007),
Accepted( 15 May 2007)
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Emergence of Universe from a Quantum Network
Paola A. Zizzi
Received( 6 July 2007),
Accepted( 15 August 2007)
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Occam's
Razor Revisited: Simplicity vs. Complexity in Biology
Joseph P. Zbilut
Received( 8 May 2007),
Accepted( 15 June 2007)
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Order in the Nothing: Autopoiesis
and the Organizational Characterization of the Living
Leonardo Bich and Luisa Damiano
Received( 5 May 2007),
Accepted(15 June 2007)
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Anticipation in Biological and Cognitive Systems:The Need for a Physical Theory of Biological
Organization
Graziano Terenzi
Received( 8 May 2007),
Accepted( 15 July 2007)
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How Uncertain is Uncertainty?
T. Vamos
Received( 25 January
2007), Accepted( 15 May 2007)
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Archetypes, Causal Description and Creativity in
Natural World
Leonardo Chiatti
Received( 6 May 2007),
Accepted ( 15 May 2007)
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Interdisciplinary Applications in Physics:
Complexity in Social and Biological
Systems
Volume
4, Issue 16 II (December 2007)
Full text: Acrobat
PDF (3,002 KB)
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Number
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Articles Title
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Abstract
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1
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The Limits of Atomism, the Bohm Way
of a New Ontology
Ryo Morikawa
Full text: Acrobat
PDF (107 KB)
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In
this paper, we survey a developed outline of atomism. The paper clarifies
that this leading principle of modern physics faces a limitation. This
limitation is a limit of ontology. We are unable to recognize a concrete
ontology; we have only epistemology. Therefore, we discuss this issue from
a philosophical viewpoint by referring to Cassirer's
philosophy. These arguments will clarify that there is a need for a new ontology
that will be able to make a consistent understanding from the microscopic
to the macroscopic level. To do this we argue the case of the new ontology
that was introduced by Bohm. Also, we will see
the mathematical formalism of cyclic ontology as a new ontology for the
process. Then we will see that this formalism is able to obtain the
Heisenberg equation as well as the Bohm equation.
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2
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Physics of Life from First
Principles
Michail Zak
Full text: Acrobat
PDF (562 KB)
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The
objective of this work is to extend the First Principles of Newtonian
mechanics to include modeling of behavior of Livings. One of the most
fundamental problems associated with modeling life is to understand a
mechanism of progressive evolution of complexity typical for living
systems. It has been recently recognized that the evolution of living
systems is progressive in a sense that it is directed to the highest levels
of complexity if the complexity is measured by an irreducible number of
different parts that interact in a well-regulated fashion. Such a property
is not consistent with the behavior of isolated Newtonian systems that
cannot increase their complexity without external forces. Indeed, the
solutions to the models based upon dissipative Newtonian dynamics
eventually approach attractors where the evolution stops, while these attractors
dwell on the subspaces of lower dimensionality, and therefore, of the lower
complexity. If thermal forces are added to mechanical ones, the Newtonian
dynamics is extended to the Langevin dynamics
combining both mechanics and thermodynamics effects; it is represented by
stochastic differential equations that can be utilized for more advanced
models in which randomness stands for multi-choice patterns of behavior
typical for living systems. However, even those models do not capture the
main property of living systems, i.e. their ability to evolve towards increase
of complexity without external forces. Indeed, the Langevin
dynamics is complemented by the corresponding diffusion equation that
describes the evolution of the distribution of the probability density over
the state variables; in case of an isolated system, the entropy of the
probability density cannot decrease, and that expresses the second law of
thermodynamics. From the viewpoint of complexity, this means that the state
variables of the underlying system eventually start behaving in a uniform
fashion with lesser distinguished features, i.e. with lower complexity.
Reconciliation of evolution of life with the second law of thermodynamics
is the central problem addressed in this paper. It is solved via
introduction of the First Principle for modeling behavior of living
systems. The structure of the model is quantum-inspired: it acquires the topology
of the Madelung equation in which the quantum potential
is replaced with the information potential. As a result, the model captures
the most fundamental property of life: the progressive evolution, i.e. the
ability to evolve from disorder to order without any external interference.
The mathematical structure of the model can be obtained from the Newtonian equations
of motion (representing the motor dynamics) coupled with the corresponding Liouville equation (representing the mental dynamics)
via information forces. The unlimited capacity for increase of complexity
is provided by interaction of the system with its mental images via chains
of reflections: What do you think I think you think?.
All these specific non-Newtonian properties equip the model with the levels
of complexity that match the complexity of life, and that makes the model
applicable for description of behaviors of ecological, social and economics
systems.
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3
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Theoretical Physics of DNA:
New Ideas and Tendencies in the Modeling of the DNA Nonlinear Dynamics
Yakushevich L.V.
Full text: Acrobat
PDF (254 KB)
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Theoretical
studies of the DNA nonlinear dynamics successfully started with the model
of Englander [1] in 1980, was intensively developed at the end of the 20th
century. Most of the proposed models and results obtained have been
summarized in the reviews [2-5] and books [6-9]. And what was happened
after that? What new ideas, results and tendencies one can observe in this field
of science now? Here we describe some of them.
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4
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Mathematical and Data Mining
Contributions to Dynamics and Optimization of Gene-Environment Networks
Gerhard-Wilhelm Weber, Pakize Taylan , Başak Akteke-Őztürk,
and Őmür Uğur
Full text: Acrobat
PDF (255 KB)
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This
paper further introduces continuous optimization into the fields of
computational biology and environmental protection which belong to the most
challenging and emerging areas of science. It refines earlier ones of our
models on gene-environment patterns by the use of optimization theory. We emphasize
that it bases on and presents work done in ougur,
weber-et-al..
Furthermore, our paper tries to detect and overcome some structural
frontiers of our methods applied to the recently introduced
gene-environment networks. Based on the experimental data, we investigate
the ordinary differential equations having nonlinearities on the right-hand
side and a generalized treatment of the absolute shift term which represents
the environmental effects. The genetic process is studied by a time-discretization, in particular, Runge-Kutta
type discretization. The possibility of detecting
stability and instability regions is being shown by a utilization of the combinatorial
algorithm of Brayton and Tong which is based on
the orbits of polyhedra. The time-continuous and
discrete systems can be represented by means of matrices allowing biological
implications, they encode and are motivated by our
gene-environment networks. A specific contribution of this paper consists
in a careful but rigorous integration of the environment into modeling and
dynamics, and in further new sights. Relations to parameter estimation
within modeling, especially, by using optimization, are indicated, and
future research is addressed, especially towards the use of stochastic
differential equations. This practically motivated and theoretically
elaborated work is devoted for a contribution to better health care,
progress in medicine, a better education and more healthy living conditions
recommended.
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5
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Folding Proteins:(How to Set
up an Effcient Metrics for Dealing with Complex
Systems)
Alessandro Giuliani
Full text: Acrobat
PDF (173 KB)
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Protein
folding, the process allowing a monodimensional
string of aminoacids to acquire its
characteristic shape in solution, is where complexity starts, as clearly
stated in a famous paper entitled `Proteins: where physics of simplicity and
complexity meet' by Hans Frauenfelder and Peter Wolynes [1]. The starting of complexity implies the
coupling of a thorough and accurate knowledge of the `first principles' and
potentials (hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, size constraints etc.)
acting at the microscopic level with the substantially empirical (and very
inaccurate) predictions on the actual structure of proteins when in
solution. Along the pilgrimage to the `translation key' from protein
sequence to structure, scientists of different cultures have met and
exchanged ideas and, as often happens to pilgrims, even the nature of the goal
changed along the way. This is a tale from a section of this path (still very
far to be completed) in which some peculiarities of the network based
formalization of protein sequence and structure are presented as an example
of a possible way to generate an efficient metrics to study phenomena in
which many different actors interact in a complex way.
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6
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Evolution of Norms in a
Multi-Level Selection Model of Conflict and Cooperation
J. M. Pacheco, F. C. Santos and F.
A. C. C. Chalub
Full text: Acrobat
PDF (356 KB)
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We
investigate the evolution of social norms in a game theoretical model of
multi-level selection and mutation. Cooperation is modeled at the lower
level of selection by means of a social dilemma in the context of indirect
reciprocity, whereas at the higher level of selection conflict is
introduced via different mechanisms. The model allows the emergence of
norms requiring high levels of cognition. Results show that natural selection
and mutation lead to the emergence of a robust yet simple social norm,
which we call stern-judging. Stern-judging is compatible with expectations
that anthropologists have regarding the Pleistocene hunter gatherer
communities. Perhaps surprisingly, it also fits very well recent studies of
the behavior of reputation-based e-trading. Under stern-judging, helping a
good individual or refusing help to a bad individual leads to a good
reputation, whereas refusing help to a good individual or helping a bad one
leads to a bad reputation. The lack of ambiguity of stern-judging, where
implacable punishment is compensated by prompt forgiving, supports the idea
that simplicity is often associated with evolutionary success.
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7
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Multiboundary Algebra as Pregeometry
Ben Goertzel
Full text: Acrobat
PDF (96 KB)
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It
is well known that the Clifford Algebras, and their quaternionic
and octonionic subalgebras,
are structures of fundamental importance in modern physics. ~Geoffrey Dixon
has even used them as the centerpiece of a novel approach to Grand Unification.
~ In the spirit of Wheeler's notion of "pregeometry"
and more recent work on quantum set theory, the goal of the present
investigation is to explore how these algebras may be seen to emerge from a
simpler and more primitive order. In order to observe this emergence in the
most natural way, a pregeometric domain is
proposed that consists of two different kinds of boundaries, each imposing
different properties on the combinatory operations occurring between
elements they contain. ~It is shown that a very simple variant of this kind
of "multiboundary algebra" gives rise
to Clifford Algebra, in much the same way as Spencer-Brown's simpler
single-boundary algebra gives rise to Boolean algebra.
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8
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Scale Relativity: A Fractal
Matrix for Organization in Nature
Laurent Nottale
Full text: Acrobat
PDF (570 KB)
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In
this review paper, we recall the successive steps that we have followed in
the construction of the theory of scale relativity. The aim of this theory
is to derive the physical behavior of a nondifferentiable
and fractal space-time and of its geodesics (to which wave-particles are
identified), under the constraint of the principle of relativity of all
scales in nature. The first step of this construction consists in deriving
the fundamental laws of scale dependence (that describe the internal structures
of the fractal geodesics) in terms of solutions of differential equations
acting in the scale space. Various levels of these scale laws are
considered, from the simplest scale invariant laws to the log-Lorentzian laws of special scale relativity. The second
step consists in studying the effects of these internal fractal structures
on the laws of motion. We find that their main consequence is the
transformation of classical mechanics in a quantum-type mechanics. The
basic quantum tools (complex, spinor and bi-spinor wave functions) naturally emerge in this
approach as consequences of the nondifferentiability.
Then the equations satisfied by these wave functions (which may themselves
be fractal and nondifferentiable), namely, the
Schrödinger, Klein-Gordon, Pauli and Dirac equations, are successively derived as integrals
of the geodesics equations of a fractal space-time. Moreover, the Born and
von Neumann postulates can be established in this framework. The third step
consists in addressing the general scale relativity problem, namely, the emergence
of fields as manifestations of the fractal geometry (which generalizes
Einstein's identification of the gravitational field with the manifestations
of the curved geometry). We recall that gauge transformations can be
identified with transformations of the internal scale variables in a
fractal space-time, allowing a geometric definition of the charges as
conservative quantities issued from the symmetries of the underlying scale
space, and a geometric construction of Abelian
and non-Abelian gauge fields. All these steps are
briefly illustrated by examples of application of the theory to various
sciences, including the validation of some of its predictions, in
particular in the domains of high energy physics, sciences of life and
astrophysics.
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9
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Fractal Time, Observer
Perspectives and Levels of Description in Nature
Susie Vrobel
Full text: Acrobat
PDF (327 KB)
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This
paper reviews various approaches to modeling reality by differentiating
notions of time which underly those models. Basic
notions of time presupposed in physical theories are briefly described and
analyzed in terms of the levels of description taken into account, the
interfacial cut assumed between the observer and the rest of the world, the
resulting observer perspectives and the extent to which these notions are based
on temporal natural constraints. Notions of time in physical theories are
secondary constructs, derived from our primary experiences of time.
Therefore, we must regard our theories as anthropocentric -- derived from
abstractions and metaphors resulting from our embodied cognition. Theories
based on the notion of fractal time and fractal space-time are
generalizations or alternative descriptions which allow for a more
differentiated modelling of reality. The
resulting temporal observer perspectives allow for further differentiation.
The notion of fractal time logically precedes those of fractal space-time,
as it is based on the primary experiences of time: succession,
simultaneity, duration and an extended Now. Against this background, the internal
differentiation of the observer and his degree of both conscious and
unconscious contextualization turn out to be vital ingredients in our
reality generation game. I am fully aware of the fact that the selection of
concepts presented here is neither complete nor unbiased and is coloured by my own temporal observer perspective.
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10
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Dynamics of Coupled Players
and the Evolution of Synchronous Cooperation-Dynamical Systems Games as
General Frame for Systems Inter-Relationship
Eizo Akiyama
Full text: Acrobat
PDF (532 KB)
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This
paper investigates how players in competition for the dynamical resources
self-organize and develop synchronous behaviors to increase their
collective profit. For this purpose, we first introduce the framework
``dynamical systems game [2]'' in which players are described as dynamical
systems that autonomously adjust their strategy parameters though mutual
interactions. Next we briefly review some of the results found in
evolutionary simulations about an application model of the dynamical
systems game [3]. The results will be analyzed from the viewpoint of the
``dynamics of coupled players.'' We discuss how the following two key
elements affect the development of dynamical cooperation rules under social
dilemma: (1) Formation of synchronous behaviors among interacting players. (2)
Evolution of strategies to change the coupling (interaction) strength among
players.
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